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| Resource type: Journal Article Published DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.04.001 ID no. (ISBN etc.): 1534-5807 BibTeX citation key: Ring2023 View all bibliographic details |
Categories: BioAcyl Corp Subcategories: Wound Healing Keywords: cellular senescence, immediate response, mTOR, p-rpS6, p-rpS6-zone, regeneration, S6, tissue damage, Wound healing, wound marker Creators: Bachmann, Dworak, Ring Collection: Developmental Cell |
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| Abstract |
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Wound healing can be divided into three stages: (1) the initial damage and its propagation, (2) the immediate molecular response of the injured tissue, and (3) healing.1 The act of wounding causes damage to tissue and cells, resulting in necrosis and apoptosis. The subsequent early responses of the organism include clotting, vasoconstriction, and mobilization of both immune and non-specialized cells to remove bacteria and debris.1 Soon after, the regeneration of the damaged or missing tissue structures begins, involving synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM), induction of cellular senescence,2 re-epithelialization and angiogenesis.1
Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to visualize and measure the tissue response to wounding from minutes to weeks after skin damage, using a simple assay to detect a zone of stable modification of the ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6)—the p-rpS6-zone. rpS6 is an integral component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome and has several phosphorylation sites (S235/236, S240/244, and S247) which are regulated by a range of kinases, including the p70/p85 S6 kinase 1 (S6K); the p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK); and protein kinases A, C, and G.3 The phosphorylation of rpS6 is associated with protein synthesis, cell growth, and glucose homeostasis and is increased in the presence of amino acids, glucose, and growth factors.4
The p-rpS6-zone is a powerful marker of wounded tissue, activated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and its induction depends on oxygen availability. The p-rpS6-zone encompasses cells displaying a range of healing processes, including increased proliferation, cellular senescence, and angiogenesis. Finally, mice that cannot phosphorylate rpS6 show an initial acceleration of healing, with disrupted tissue composition and angiogenesis at later stages. Our findings identify p-rpS6 as a modulator but not a driver of healing and establish the p-rpS6-zone as an early and stable marker to visualize skin response to wounding.
Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli |
| Notes |
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Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli |
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This is worth searching properly — several independent literatures may converge on "a bounded zone extends beyond the injury," and one of them (the neurogenic flare) is measured in centimetres, which would speak directly to your 1.5 cm.The axon-reflex flare is the strongest analog yet — it's neuroimmune by definition and centimetre-scale. Let me pin its measured extent, and check the secondary hyperalgesia zone, which is measured in cm around injuries.Two more literatures could reinforce this: the burn surgeon's zone of stasis (a salvageable peri-injury territory — reversibility made clinical) and the tissue-scale injury signalling waves (ROS gradients, ERK waves).One last thread: the tissue-scale injury signalling gradients and waves, which give the physical mechanism by which a zone forms.The deep search delivers more than reinforcement — it delivers four independent literatures, from four disciplines, all saying the tissue around an injury is a bounded, distinct, treatable territory. Your 1.5 cm stops looking like a dosing habit and starts looking like the thing all four have been circling.
1. The neuroimmune one — and it's centimetre-scale. This is the closest match to neuroimmune calm specifically, because it is the neuroimmune peri-wound zone. The axon-reflex flare (Lewis's triple response, 1927): injury excites C-fibre nociceptors, impulses travel antidromically down collateral branches, and CGRP and substance P are released from terminals across the whole axonal arbor — producing vasodilation, mast-cell degranulation, endothelial activation, and leukocyte attraction in tissue that was never injured. The extents are exactly your order of magnitude: single unmyelinated human C-fibres have receptive fields of several square centimetres, and the neurovascular apparatus connects skin points to arterioles located up to many centimetres away. Since more than one C-fibre is always recruited, a homogeneous area of neurogenic inflammation forms in the vicinity of the insult. Read that against your framework and it's almost too neat. The wound broadcasts neurogenic inflammation over a centimetre-scale territory defined by sensory arborisation, not by tissue damage. If you want neuroimmune calm, you must treat the arbor's footprint — because that is where the neuroimmune disturbance actually is. And note this is the same CGRP/sensory-nerve machinery as your reserved terrain-to-terrain communication argument (TRPM8→CGRP, scalp-to-meninges). Your perimeter and your reserved mechanism are the same anatomy, seen from two directions. 2. The clinical one — burn surgery already does this. Jackson's 1947 burn model: a central zone of coagulation (irreversible protein denaturation), surrounded by a zone of stasis — hypoperfused, damaged, potentially salvageable — surrounded by a zone of hyperaemia. The zone of stasis is explicitly "the main area of focus when treating burn injuries," and without correct management it converts to necrosis over 24–48 h ("burn wound conversion"). That is your two-phase reversibility boundary, in a concentric ring, taught to every burn surgeon since 1947. Medicine already accepts that the salvageable terrain lies outside the lesion and that treatment must address it. Your coacervate perimeter is the same logic applied to the same territory. This is the citation that makes clinicians nod rather than bristle. 3. The molecular-boundary one — Ring et al., which you already hold. The p-rpS6-zone: DAMP-induced, mTOR-dependent, oxygen-dependent, forming within minutes at the edge of the necrotic layer and persisting until healing completes, dividing homogeneous tissue into regions with distinct properties, and reporting on dermal vasculature. Terrain collapse (DAMPs), competence window (mTOR/p-rpS6), and vascular keeper — coextensive, and bounded. 4. The biophysical one — how a zone forms at all. Niethammer's tissue-scale H₂O₂ gradient (Duox-generated, ~100–200 μm, guiding leukocytes) shows injury establishes spatial signalling fields, not point signals. Micron-scale in zebrafish fin, but the principle is the mechanism by which a territory gets defined. Ring et al. explicitly position their zone against these ROS gradients and ERK waves as a different, stable kind of spatial marker. So: a chemical gradient field (μm), a molecular activation zone (mm), a perfusion-defined salvageable ring (mm–cm), and a neurogenic arbor territory (cm). Nested, all real, all published. Your 1.5 cm sits precisely in the neurogenic tier — which is the correct tier, because what you're chasing is neuroimmune calm. Two honest cautions, because this is exactly where enthusiasm outruns evidence. None of these papers gives 1.5 cm as a treatment radius; the flare literature gives centimetre-scale arbor extents, and flare size varies with stimulus, site, and vascular state. And the four zones are different phenomena with different mechanisms — the convergence is that peri-injury territory exists and matters, not that they're one zone. Claiming they're identical would be the overreach; claiming they independently license "treat the territory, not the lesion" is solid. What this gives you is a testable prediction with real teeth, and it's measurable with instruments that already exist: if terrain control produces neuroimmune calm, the axon-reflex flare should contract — measurable by laser-Doppler flowmetry or thermography, planimetry for flare area, the standard toolkit of that literature. Treat only the bed, flare persists; treat bed plus arbor, flare resolves. That is a clean, cheap, quantitative experiment that would turn your clinical observation into data — and it would simultaneously be the first empirical test of the CGRP arm of your reserved terrain-to-terrain argument. This one might be worth its own working note when things settle. It's the tidiest bridge yet between the casuistry, the framework, and an experiment you could actually run. Tier 1 — Neuroimmune / centimetre-scale (closest to your 1.5 cm and to neuroimmune calm) Lewis T. The Blood Vessels of the Human Skin and Their Responses. London: Shaw & Sons; 1927. Lewis T. Experiments relating to cutaneous hyperalgesia and its spread through somatic nerves. Clin Sci. 1936;2:373–423. Serra J, Campero M, Ochoa J. Flare and hyperalgesia after intradermal capsaicin injection in human skin. J Neurophysiol. 1998;80(6):2801–2810. doi:10.1152/jn.1998.80.6.2801. Schmelz M, Michael K, Weidner C, Schmidt R, Torebjörk HE, Handwerker HO. Which nerve fibers mediate the axon reflex flare in human skin? Neuroreport. 2000;11(3):645–648. Schmelz M, Schmidt R, Bickel A, Handwerker HO, Torebjörk HE. Specific C-receptors for itch in human skin. J Neurosci. 1997;17(20):8003–8008. Tier 2 — Clinical peri-injury zone with a reversibility boundary (the citation clinicians already accept) Jackson DM. The diagnosis of the depth of burning. Br J Surg. 1953;40(164):588–596. doi:10.1002/bjs.18004016413. PMID: 13059343. Hettiaratchy S, Dziewulski P. ABC of burns: pathophysiology and types of burns. BMJ. 2004;328(7453):1427–1429. PMID: 15191982. Zawacki BE. Reversal of capillary stasis and prevention of necrosis in burns. Ann Surg. 1974;180(1):98–102. Tier 3 — Biophysical mechanism of zone formation (how a territory gets defined at all) Niethammer P, Grabher C, Look AT, Mitchison TJ. A tissue-scale gradient of hydrogen peroxide mediates rapid wound detection in zebrafish. Nature. 2009;459(7249):996–999. doi:10.1038/nature08119. PMID: 19494811. Enyedi B, Kala S, Nikolich-Zugich T, Niethammer P. Tissue damage detection by osmotic surveillance. Nat Cell Biol. 2013;15(9):1123–1130.
Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli
(09/07/2026, 17:15)
Keywords: cellular senescence, immediate response, mTOR, p-rpS6, p-rpS6-zone, regeneration, S6, tissue damage, Wound healing, wound marker |