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Pignatelli, P., & Fabietti, G. (2020). How periodontal disease and presence of nitric oxide reducing oral bacteria can affect blood pressure. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(7538). Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (27/09/2025, 21:35) Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (27/09/2025, 21:39) |
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| Resource type: Journal Article DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207538 ID no. (ISBN etc.): 1422-0067 BibTeX citation key: Pignatelli2020 View all bibliographic details  |
Categories: BioAcyl Corp Subcategories: Mouthwash Keywords: nitric oxide Creators: Fabietti, Pignatelli Collection: International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Abstract |
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Nitric oxide (NO), a small gaseous and multifunctional signaling molecule, is involved in the maintenance of metabolic and cardiovascular homeostasis. It is endogenously produced in the vascular endothelium by specific enzymes known as NO synthases (NOSs). Subsequently, NO is readily oxidized to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrite is also derived from exogenous inorganic nitrate (NO3) contained in meat, vegetables, and drinking water, resulting in greater plasma NO2 concentration and major reduction in systemic blood pressure (BP). The recycling process of nitrate and nitrite to NO (nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway), known as the enterosalivary cycle of nitrate, is dependent upon oral commensal nitrate-reducing bacteria of the dorsal tongue. Veillonella, Actinomyces, Haemophilus, and Neisseria are the most copious among the nitrate-reducing bacteria. The use of chlorhexidine mouthwashes and tongue cleaning can mitigate the bacterial nitrate-related BP lowering effects. Imbalances in the oral reducing microbiota have been associated with a decrease of NO, promoting endothelial dysfunction, and increased cardiovascular risk. Although there is a relationship between periodontitis and hypertension (HT), the correlation between nitrate-reducing bacteria and HT has been poorly studied. Restoring the oral flora and NO activity by probiotics may be considered a potential therapeutic strategy to treat HT.
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| Notes |
Interplay between dietary nitrate and oral commensal bacteria in the enterosalivary circulation of nitrate and in blood pressure. In the figure, the most reported abundant nitrate-reducing bacteria are listed, detected both by Sanger 16S rRNA sequencing and by whole genome sequencing (WGS). By the shotgun WGS, a method that sequences all genes rather than the more targeted approach of 16S rRNA sequencing, a greater number of bacterial species have been identified (see main text). The increase in nitrates and nitrites in the plasma has the effect of dilating the capacity of the arteries and consequently lowering blood pressure. Dietary nitrate and oral reducing bacteria contribute to nitrate reduction and circulating nitrous oxide. On the contrary, the daily use of an antiseptic mouthwash and tongue cleaning prevents the reduction of nitrate to nitrite and disrupts the enterosalivary cycle by affecting oral concentrations of commensal reducing bacteria. Therefore, nitrite does not achieve the acidic environment of the gastric cavity thus decreasing the S-nitrosothiols formation.
Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli |