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Olofsson, P. S., Rosas-Ballina, M., & Levine, Y. A. (2012). Rethinking inflammation: Neural circuits in the regulation of immunity. Immunological Reviews, 248(1), 188–204. 
Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (01/05/2025, 17:10)   Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (01/05/2025, 17:14)
Resource type: Journal Article
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01138.x
ID no. (ISBN etc.): 0105-2896
BibTeX citation key: Olofsson2012
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 Categories: BioAcyl Corp
Subcategories: Gut-origin Sepsis
Creators: Levine, Olofsson, Rosas-Ballina
Collection: Immunological Reviews		 Views: 2/16
Abstract
Neural reflex circuits regulate cytokine release to prevent potentially damaging inflammation and maintain homeostasis. In the inflammatory reflex, sensory input elicited by infection or injury travels through the afferent vagus nerve to integrative regions in the brainstem, and efferent nerves carry outbound signals that terminate in the spleen and other tissues. Neurotransmitters from peripheral autonomic nerves subsequently promote acetylcholine-release from a subset of CD4+ T cells that relay the neural signal to other immune cells, e.g. through activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on macrophages. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of the inflammatory reflex and discuss potential therapeutic implications of current findings in this evolving field.
  
Notes
Fig. 3

Acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis is catalyzed by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) that utilizes acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) and choline as substrates. Acetyl-CoA can derive from glucose and fatty acid oxidation through glycolysis and beta-oxidation, respectively. Choline can be synthesized de novo, obtained from membrane phospholipid, or taken up through choline transporter 1 (ChT1) after hydrolysis of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In T cells, cytosolic acetylcholine is released through mediatophore; however, release of vesicular acetylcholine has not been ruled out. Acetylcholine is released by T cells through unknown mechanisms upon polyclonal stimulation or incubation with norepinephrine. An intriguing question is whether acetylcholine is released in a quantal or non-quantal fashion. Blue arrows indicate unknown processes.

 


Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli  Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli
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