BioAcyl Corp
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Ma, Y., Zhang, H., & Guo, W. (2022). Potential role of ghrelin in the regulation of inflammation. The FASEB Journal, 36(9), e22508. Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (20/05/2023, 11:05) Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (20/05/2023, 12:14) |
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| Resource type: Journal Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202200634R BibTeX citation key: Ma2022 View all bibliographic details  |
Categories: BioAcyl Corp Subcategories: inflammation Creators: Guo, Ma, Zhang Collection: The FASEB Journal |
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| Abstract |
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Abstract Several diseases are caused or progress due to inflammation. In the past few years, accumulating evidence suggests that ghrelin, a gastric hormone of 28-amino acid residue length, exerts protective effects against inflammation by modulating the related pathways. This review focuses on ghrelin's anti-inflammatory and potential therapeutic effects in neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and kidney disorders. Ghrelin significantly alleviates excessive inflammation and reduces damage to different target organs mainly by reducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways. Ghrelin also regulates inflammation and apoptosis through the p38 MAPK/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway; restores cerebral microvascular integrity, and attenuates vascular leakage. Ghrelin activates the phosphoInositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway and inhibits inflammatory responses in cardiovascular diseases and acute kidney injury. Some studies show that ghrelin exacerbates colonic and intestinal manifestations of colitis. Interestingly, some inflammatory states, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and chronic kidney disease, are often associated with high ghrelin levels. Thus, ghrelin may be a potential new therapeutic target for inflammation-related diseases.
Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli |
| Notes |
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Post-translational processing of ghrelin. Preproghrelin, a 117-amino acid peptide, is cleaved to proghrelin in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is then acylated by the enzyme, ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT). Subsequently, the proghrelin peptides are then converted by the prohormone convertase, PC1/3, to the mature forms-acyl ghrelin (AG) and des-acyl ghrelin (DAG), which enter the secretory vesicles of the Golgi apparatus. Upon entering the circulation, AG binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a) and stimulates downstream signaling, while DAG may bind to its unknown receptor. GOAT, enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase; AG, acyl ghrelin; DAG, des-acyl ghrelin; GHSR1a, growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a. Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli |
