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Costalonga, M., & Herzberg, M. C. (2014). The oral microbiome and the immunobiology of periodontal disease and caries. Immunology letters, 162(2 0 0), 22–38. Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (29/03/2022, 15:14) Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (29/03/2022, 15:20) |
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| Resource type: Journal Article DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.08.017 ID no. (ISBN etc.): 0165-2478 BibTeX citation key: Costalonga2014 View all bibliographic details  |
Categories: BioAcyl Corp Subcategories: Oral health and dysbiosis Creators: Costalonga, Herzberg Collection: Immunology letters |
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| Abstract |
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The composition of the oral microbiome differs from one intraoral site to another, reflecting in part the host response and immune capacity at each site. By focusing on two major oral infections, periodontal disease and caries, new principles of disease emerge. Periodontal disease affects the soft tissues and bone that support the teeth. Caries is a unique infection of the dental hard tissues. The initiation of both diseases is marked by an increase in the complexity of the microbiome. In periodontitis, pathobionts and keystone pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis appear in greater proportion than in health. As a keystone pathogen, P. gingivalis impairs host immune responses and appears necessary but not sufficient to cause periodontitis. Historically, dental caries had been causally linked to Streptococcus mutans. Contemporary microbiome studies now indicate that singular pathogens are not obvious in either caries or periodontitis. Both diseases appear to result from a perturbation among relatively minor constituents in local microbial communities resulting in dysbiosis. Emergent consortia of the minor members of the respective microbiomes act synergistically to stress the ability of the host to respond and protect. In periodontal disease, host protection first occurs at the level of innate gingival epithelial immunity. Secretory IgA antibody and other salivary antimicrobial systems also act against periodontopathic and cariogenic consortia. When the gingival immune response is impaired, periodontal tissue pathology results when matrix metalloproteinases are released from neutrophils and T cells mediate alveolar bone loss. In caries, several species are acidogenic and aciduric and appear to work synergistically to promote demineralization of the enamel and dentin. Whereas technically possible, particularly for caries, vaccines are unlikely to be commercialized in the near future because of the low morbidity of caries and periodontitis.
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| Notes |
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Microbial diversity and richness in periodontal health and disease Microbial communities with lower diversity and richness harbor keystone pathogens, symbionts and pathobionts at very low frequency and in proportions adequate to ensure health. When environmental perturbations occur in the periodontal tissues (e.g., trauma or idiopathic growth of a keystone pathogen) or the host is genetically susceptible, keystone pathogens elicit inflammation that changes the nutrient foundation of the ecological niche (i.e. periodontal pocket). The altered nutrient foundation promotes the proportional expansion of pathobionts relative to symbionts, promoting inflammation that ultimately leads to connective tissue and bone destruction. Diversity and richness are higher.
Diversity and richness of microbial communities directly relate to caries risk Microbial communities of the tooth surface and irregularities in the enamel differ with respect to diversity and richness. Surfaces and sites with highest diversity and richness mature at ecological niches most susceptible to caries. When caries is established, the acid environment reduces the diversity and richness of the local microbiota.
Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli |
