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Zhou, J., Liu, H., & Hu, L. (2024). Nitrate and body homeostasis. Medicine Plus, 1(1), 100003. Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (20/02/2026, 20:17) Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (20/02/2026, 20:24) |
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| Resource type: Journal Article DOI: 10.1016/j.medp.2023.100003 ID no. (ISBN etc.): 2950-3477 BibTeX citation key: Zhou2024 View all bibliographic details  |
Categories: BioAcyl Corp Subcategories: Entero-salivary cycle Keywords: homeostasis, Nitrate, nitric oxide, Nitrite, sialin Creators: Hu, Liu, Zhou Collection: Medicine Plus |
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| Abstract |
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Homeostasis is essential for the maintenance of health, and how it is maintained is the focus of attention in homeostatic medicine. As a natural dietary nutrient, nitrate is critical in regulating homeostasis. This article summarizes nitrate’s cognitive history, sources, and metabolism. It discusses the relationship and possible mechanism between nitrate and organism homeostasis from three aspects: flora homeostasis, inflammation-immunity homeostasis, and energy metabolism homeostasis, as well as the clinical application scenarios of nitrate as a promising new generation of drugs, including preventing and treating multi-system diseases, reducing organism injury, improving exercise ability, regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, and assisting tumor treatment. An increased understanding of nitrate’s impact on body homeostasis could foster a new research concept for its application in disease prevention and treatment.
Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli |
| Notes |
5.1. Oral diseasesThe oral cavity is the second most diverse microbial community in the human body,84 which contains all kinds of bacteria with nitrate reductase activity, among which Veillonella, Actinomyces, and Rothia are the most common. In contrast, others such as Neisseria, Streptococcus, Capnocytophanga, Selenomonas, Corynebacterium, Haemophilus, Paraburkholderia, Fuso Bacterium, Propionibacterium, Prevotella, and Eikenella have also been reported to have nitrate reducing ability in recent years.6, 85 These bacteria can denitrify nitrate into final nitrogen (N2) by forming NO and nitrous oxide (N2O).86 Nitrate can prevent or reverse the imbalance of oral flora in many ways and restore plaque biofilm to a healthy state. In the process of nitrate metabolic reduction, protons, and lactic acid as carbonic acid and electron donors will be consumed, and ammonium and ammonia (a weak base) will be produced, limiting acidification.87 In addition, the antibacterial effect of nitric oxide can reduce the level of dental caries-related bacteria such as Streptococcus, Vibrio, and actinomycetes.88, 89
Interestingly, the pH value of the nitric oxide reduction reaction is about 5, which can adjust the occurrence of acidification by negative feedback and prevent the overgrowth of acidophilic bacteria. Clinical evidence shows that eating beetroot juice for two weeks can increase the pH value of saliva from 7.0 to 7.5. Taking nitrate before eating sugary drinks or gargling with sugary preparations can reduce the acidification of the oral environment after several hours.90 It was also found that the number of lactic acid and fermentation bacteria decreased, the content of nitrite and ammonium increased, and the pH value of the culture system also increased in the presence of nitrate. There was no noticeable decrease within one week.64 In addition to inhibiting the progress of dental caries, nitrate also shows the potential to resist gingivitis, periodontitis, and halitosis. Nitrate can reduce the number of periodontal pathogens, including Fusobacterium, Sclerotinia, Bacteroides, Prevost, and Porphyromonas levels in saliva. Supplementing lettuce juice rich in nitrate for two weeks can significantly change plaque composition and reduce gingival inflammation.91 This effect may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress-sensitive pathogens by nitric oxide, which, as a signal of biofilm diffusion, can effectively limit the accumulation of plaques. In addition, nitrate may benefit halitosis patients by eliminating halitosis-related pathogens, inhibiting the metabolic pathway of volatile sulfur compound (VSC) production, and stimulating the utilization of hydrogen sulfide (H2S).64
Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli |