BioAcyl Corp

NRF2 regulates metabolism. NRF2 upregulates expression of genes involved in the glycolysis, glycogen metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, one carbon metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, glutaminolysis, fatty acid synthesis, heme metabolism, and glutathione synthesis and utilization (colored in red). NRF2 downregulates the expression of genes involved in the gluconeogenesis (colored in blue). Enzyme reactions that produce NADPH are indicated and colored in green. Enzyme abbreviations: ELOVL7, fatty acid elongase 7; FADS1, fatty acid desaturase 1; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GCLC, glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit; GCLM, glutamate-cysteine ligase, modifier subunit; GLS2, glutaminase 2; GPT2, glutamic pyruvate transaminase; GSS, glutathione synthetase; IDH1, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1; ME1, malic enzyme 1; MTFHD2, methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2; PGD, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; PHGDH, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase; PPAT, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase; TALDO, transaldolase; TKT, transketolase; TXN, thioredoxin; SLC7A11, Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11; SLC1A5, solute carrier family 1, member 5; HK1, hexokinase 1; GPI1 glucose phosphate isomerase 1; PFK2, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase; ALDA, aldolase A, fructose-bisphosphate; Eno1,4, enolase 1 and enolase 4; PKM, pyruvate kinase, muscle; GR, glutathione reductase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1; CAT, catalase; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; FPN1; ferroportin 1; BLVR, biliverdin reductase; FTH, ferritin heavy chain; FTL, ferritin light chain; PDM, phosphoglucomutase; GBE1, glycogen branching enzyme. Metabolite abbreviations: G-6-P, glucose 6-phosphate; G-1-P, glucose 1-phosphate; F-6-P, fructose 6-phosphate; F-1,6-BP, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; F-2,6-BP, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate; GA-3-P, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; 1,3-PG, 1,3-phosphoglycerate; 3-PG, 3-phosphoglycerate; 2-PG, 2-phosphoglycerate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; UDP-G, uracil-diphosphate glucose; 6-P-GL, 6-phosphogluconolactone; 6-PG, 6-phosphogluconate; R-5-P, ribulose 5-phosphate; 5-PRA, phosphoribosylamine; PRPP, 5-phosphoribosyl-α-1-pyrophosphate; THF, tetrahydrofolate; CH2-THF, 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate; CHO-THF, 10-formyl- tetrahydrofolate; IMP, inosine monophosphate; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; GMP, guanosine monophosphate. Gly, glycine; Ala, alanine; Cys, cysteine; Glu, glutamate; Gln, glutamine; aKG, a-ketoglutarate; Y-Glu-Cys, gamma-glutamyl cysteine; Acetyl-CoA, acetyl-coenzyme A; NADPH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced.