BioAcyl Corp
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Occhinegro, A., McAllen, R. M., & McKinley, M. J. (2023). Acute Inhibition of Inflammation Mediated by Sympathetic Nerves: The Inflammatory Reflex. Neuroimmunomodulation, 30(1), 135–142. Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (26/06/2025, 02:03) Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli (26/06/2025, 02:12) |
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| Resource type: Journal Article DOI: 10.1159/000531469 ID no. (ISBN etc.): 1021-7401 BibTeX citation key: Occhinegro2023 View all bibliographic details  |
Categories: BioAcyl Corp Subcategories: Inflammatory reflex Creators: McAllen, McKinley, Occhinegro Collection: Neuroimmunomodulation |
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| Abstract |
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In this review, we will try to convince the readers that the immune system is controlled by an endogenous neural reflex, termed inflammatory reflex, that inhibits the acute immune response during the course of a systemic immune challenge. We will analyse here the contribution of different sympathetic nerves as possible efferent arms of the inflammatory reflex. We will discuss the evidence that demonstrates that neither the splenic sympathetic nerves nor the hepatic sympathetic nerves are necessary for the endogenous neural reflex inhibition of inflammation. We will discuss the contribution of the adrenal glands to the reflex control of inflammation, noting that the neurally mediated release of catecholamines in the systemic circulation is responsible for the enhancement of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) but not of the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor α (TNF). We will conclude by reviewing the evidence that demonstrates that the splanchnic anti-inflammatory pathway, composed by preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic splanchnic fibres with different target organs, including the spleen and the adrenal glands, is the efferent arm of the inflammatory reflex. During the course of a systemic immune challenge, the splanchnic anti-inflammatory pathway is endogenously activated to inhibit the TNF and enhance the IL-10 response, independently, presumably acting on separate populations of leukocytes.
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| Notes |
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Diagram showing current concepts of the inflammatory reflex. In response to an immune challenge, leukocytes release inflammatory mediators. The immune system talks to the central nervous system through a neural and/or humoral sensory arm (in red). In response, the brain activates the splanchnic anti-inflammatory pathway. The adrenal glands release catecholamines in the bloodstream (in green), while sympathetic nerves release noradrenaline and other co-transmitters locally in the spleen and other abdominal organs. Systemic catecholamines are responsible for the enhancement of IL-10; local sympathetic nerves are primarily responsible for the inhibition of TNF. IL-10, interleukin 10; TNF, tumour necrosis factor α.+ Added by: Dr. Enrique Feoli Last edited by: Dr. Enrique Feoli |
