BioAcyl Corp

 The main components of SGs and the factors that induce SGs formation. SGs comprise the following 7 components: (1) mRNAs that are protected from degradation. (2) TIFs targeting mRNAs, such as eIF4E, elF3, PABPC1, p-elF2α and elF5a; (3) RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that regulate translation and protect mRNA stability, such as TIA-1, TIAR, HuR/ELAVL1, FMRP and PUM1; (4) mRNA metabolism-related proteins, such as G3BP1, G3BP2, DDX6, PMR1, SMN, STAU1, DHX36, caprin-1, ZBP1, HDAC6 and ADAR1; (5) signaling proteins, such as mTOR, RACK1 and TRAF; (6) expression products of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as PKR, RIG-I, MDA5 and LGP2, RNase L and OAS; and (7) regulatory proteins in SGs formation, such as APOBEC3G, Ago2, BRF1, DDX3, FAST and TTP.

Eight factors induce SGs formation: (1) endogenous stressors, such as low-level nutrients, hypoxia, and osmotic shock; (2) environmental stressors, such as heat shock, UV radiation, arsenic compounds, H₂O₂, menadione, diethyl maleate (DEM), paraquat, and brain ischemia; (3) overexpressed G3BP1, TIA-1, TZAR, TTP, FMRP, CPEB, SMN, DYRK3, tRNA fragments, and Aβ42; (4) translation modulators, such as puromycin, salubrinal, cycloheximide, emetine, and ISRIB; (5) proteasome inhibitors, such as MG 132 and lactacystin; (6) ER stressors, such as DTT and thapsigargin; (7) mitochondrial poisons, such as FCCP, clotrimazole, and sodium azide; and (8) other compounds, such as sorbitol, pateamine A, hippuristanol, silvestrol, 15d-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2); prostaglandin A1, selenite, salicylate, and A769662.